by: Talal Nayer
During his exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote, the walls of the house of the famous Portuguese novelist were decorated with paintings and photographs of wild horses, Zizito's horses, the nickname given to the child José de Sousa Saramago who, at the age of eight, moved in with his aunt Alvira, the wife of one of the guards at the Mochão de Baix estate.
The village of Azinhaga was not known for its wealth. However, despite the social hierarchy, Francesco Denis, Alvira's husband, was considered an aristocrat. Zizito, the child, had always dreamed of riding his aunt's horse. Unfortunately, Francesco had never extended an invitation to mount the horse, and Zizito's childish pride prevented him from asking.
In his account, Saramago portrays his aunt's husband as a man who exercised dominance at home, but who was extremely polite and flattering to those above him in the social hierarchy. One particular instance that stands out is when Francesco Denis placed a guest's child on a horse to ingratiate himself with the child's family. He walked ahead of the horse, amusing the indulged child, while José, the child in particular, stood in the distance, frustrated and ashamed.
In 1991, sixty years after the incident, Saramago published one of his best novels, The Gospel According to Jesus Christ! The novel was nominated for the Aristeion Prize for Literature that year. The atheist writer fought with his right hand against the Catholic Church in Portugal, which is proud of the Santuário Nacional de Cristo Rei, the statue of Christ the King (Portuguese: Santuário de Cristo Rei), which stands in Almada Square and guards the impregnable fortress of the Catholic Church in Portugal, a fortress that Saramago stormed and opened fire on mercilessly. Simultaneously, the author was facing opposition from the political right, which had gained momentum after the collapse of the Berlin Wall. The right-wing bloc in parliament insisted on banning and confiscating the novel, which was critical and satirical of Christianity.
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was then the Prime Minister of Portugal, took advantage of the controversy! The Portuguese government and the Vatican pressured the European Union to withdraw the novel's nomination for the Aristeion Prize for Literature. This incident set a precedent since it was the first novel to be confiscated after the country's return to democracy following the 1974 revolution. It is noteworthy that just as Saramago's novel was excluded from the prize due to censorship, another novel that also suffered from censorship, James Joyce's Ulysses, won the prize in the same year, in a translation by the Greek Sokrates Kapsaskis. It is worth noting that Ulysses was banned in the United States for being 'sensual and erotic'. Nevertheless, the ban was lifted by court judge John M. Woolsey in December 1933, and the full version was published for the first time!
During this period, Saramago was persona non grata. The right-wing Portuguese government aimed to dissociate itself from the legacy of the Socialists and the period in which they governed the country. However, it is worth noting that Saramago was one of the symbols of that era, which makes his work all the more fascinating! Despite some disagreements with his views, the Portuguese right could have shown more respect towards José Saramago, even after his death, when the Portuguese President refused to attend his funeral because of his anti-Catholic opinions, preferring to spend the day in a luxurious resort, perhaps to celebrate the death of Saramago!
However, after moving to Lanzarote, Saramago converted his frustration into driving energy, as he had done all his life. The child was born into difficult circumstances and faced many challenges. Despite these obstacles, he showed remarkable intelligence. Unfortunately, his family could not support his education, and he was forced to work as a mechanic. He even had to endure the discomfort of cockroaches crawling over his body at night. Still, he began to qualify himself as a journalist, then as a translator, and eventually, when he was over the age of fifty, he began to write in earnest, because, as Saramago says, it is not useful to regret things, it is useful to change them.
Saramago embarked on his most significant literary project: rediscovering the immense power of the human factor. His writing style delves into the depths of the human character, which dominates his work in the Lanzottian era. Saramago's novels 'Blindness' and 'Insight' showcase his anarchist influences, where the truth of the human psyche is uncovered with the disappearance of power, people are confronted with distorted egos they have never seen before, and the worst of humanity is revealed when chaos reigns and some have absolute power.
Saramago once stated: "Today my house is full of pictures of horses. First-time visitors often ask if I am a horseman, but the truth is that I am still suffering from the effects of falling from a horse I have never ridden. Although not visible outside, my soul has been wounded for seventy years. During the US invasion of Iraq, Saramago participated in an anti-war demonstration and addressed the demonstrators, stating that the world is now divided into two forces: America and humanity. Saramago's main focus is on the potential of humanity. He famously stated, 'It is easy to reach Mars, but it is difficult to reach ourselves.' Saramago believes that good and evil are inherent within us and that the human spirit has the potential to triumph despite its flaws.